Basic of Japan’s Economy

The leading horizontal Japanese keiretsu, the”Big Six” are, Fuyo, Sanwa, Sumitomo, Mitsubishi, Mitsui and DKB Group. Horizontal keiretsu peaked around 1988, when over half of the value in the Japanese stock market consisted of cross-shareholdings. Banks have less influence on vertical keiretsu. Examples of this type include Toyota, Toshiba, and Nissan. Some vertical keiretsu are family businesses, such as the Hitotsubashi/Shogakukan, Otowa/Kodansha and APA groups.